그리고, 그래도, 그래서, 그런데, 그렇지만, 그런데도

 
3 Sentence Summary of This Lesson:
  • Korean coordinating conjunctions connect sentences: 그리고 (and), 그런데/하지만 (but), 그래서 (so), 그래도 (even so), 또는 (or).
  • Formal versions exist for official writing: 또한/및 (and), 따라서/그러므로 (therefore), 또는/혹은 (or).
  • Special connectors include 게다가 (on top of that), 반면에 (on the other hand), 그러면 (if so/then).
 
Let’s learn some connectors. To be specific, these are “coordinating conjunctions.” They are used to connect two sentences.
 

Coordinating Conjunctions

(a.k.a. Connectors, a.k.a. 등위 접속사)
그리고
And
또한
And
및
And
그런데
But
하지만
But
그렇지만
But, Even so
그래도
Even if, Even so
그런데도
Even so
또는
Or
혹은
Or
그래서
So, therefore
따라서
Therefore
그러므로
Therefore
그러면
If so
게다가
On top of that
반면에
On the other hand
 

그리고, 또한, and 및

 
  • 그리고
      • 그리고 is a casual level connector that means “and.”
       
      오늘 공부했어요. 그리고 청소도 했어요.
      I studied today. And I also cleaned.
 
 
  • 또한
      • This connector is much more formal and is often used in official documents.
       
      이 호텔은 서비스가 훌륭합니다. 또한 위치도 이상적입니다.
      This hotel has great servicee. And its location is ideal.
       
 
  • 및
      • This is also a formal connector and is used in official cases only. 및 is usually used for listing things, so it cannot stand on its own like 또한 or 그리고.
       
      성함 및 전화번호를 기입해 주십시오.
      Please enter your name and phone number.
       
       
       

그런데, 하지만, 그렇지만

  • 그런데
      • This is the casual form of “but” and is most commonly used in daily speech.
       
      제가 빵을 사 왔습니다. 그런데 철수도 빵을 사 왔습니다.
      I bought and brought some bread. But Chul Soo also bought some bread and bought it.
       
  • 하지만
      • 하지만 is a combination of 하다 and -지만.
       
      이 가방은 너무 예뻐요. 하지만 비싸요.
      This bag is very pretty. But it’s expensive.
       
       
  • 그렇지만
      • The full version of 그렇지만 is 그러하지만. It’s a combination of 그러하다, which means “to be so,” and -지만.
       
      한국어는 어려워요. 그렇지만 재미있어요.
      Korean is difficult. But it’s fun.
       
       

그래도 and 그런데도

 
  • 그래도
      • This is the most basic and casual form of “Even so.”
       
      오늘은 비가 와요. 그래도 나갈 거예요.
      It’s raining today. Even so, I’m going out.
       
       
  • 그런데도
      • Here we have 그런데 and the addition of 도. 그런데 here means “It’s like that.” So the full meaning would be, “Even if it’s like that.”
       
      자켓이 찢어졌어오. 그런데도 여자는 샀어요.
      The jacket is torn. Even so, the woman bought it.
       
       

또는 and 혹은

  • 또는
      • 또 means “again” or “more”. With the addition of 는, It means something along the line of “as for the other”. It is formal.
       
      고객님들은 엘레베이터 또는 에스컬레이터를 사용해 주시기 바랍니다.
      As for the customers, please use the elevators or the escalators.
       
       
  • 혹은
      • This is also a very formal version of “or” and is only used in official notices, speeches and written documents.
       
      현금 혹은 카드로 낼 수 있어요.
      You can pay by cash or credit card.
 
 

그래서, 따라서, and 그러므로

  • 그래서
      • This is the most basic and casual form of “so”.
       
      사람이 너무 많습니다. 그래서 위험합니다.
      There are too many people. So it’s dangerous.
       
  • 따라서
      • A more formal version of “so”, which would best be described as “therefore”.
       
      엘리베이터가 고장 났습니다. 따라서 계단을 이용해 주시기 바랍니다.
      The elevator is out of order. Therefore, please use the stairs.
       
  • 그러므로
      • 그러하다 means “to be so”. Adding 므로, which means “therefore”. It is somewhere along the line of “As is it so” or “As it is like that”.
       
      나는 생각한다. 그러므로 존재한다.
      I think, therefore I am.
       
       
       

Miscellaneous

  • 그러면
      • This is the combination of 그러하다 and -면, which are “To be so” and “if”. This becomes “if so”. It’s often condensed to 그럼 in daily speech.
       
      A: 오늘은 피곤해요. (I am tired today.)
      B: 그러면 내일 만나요. (Then/ If so, let’s meet tomorrow.)
  • 게다가
      • This one means “moreover”. It can be used to emphasize the positive or the negative.
       
      비가 많이 와요. 게다가 우산도 없어요.
      It’s raining a lot. On top of that, I don’t have an umbrella.
       
      영미는 예뻐요. 게다가 성격도 좋아요.
      Young Mi is pretty. On top of that, she has a good personality.
       
       
  • 반면에
      • 반 means “half” or “opposite”. 면 means “side”. This leads to “On the opposite side”.
       
      형은 키가 커요. 반면에 동생은 작아요.
      The older brother is tall. On the other hand, the younger brother is small.
 
 
 
Try the following exercise.
Complete the following sentences with any of the coordinating conjunctions you’ve learned in this lesson.
 
  1. 프랑스어는 단어에 성별이 있어요. _____ 영어에는 없어요.
      2. In French, words have genders. On the other hand, in English there isn’t.
Answer
반면에
 
  1. 어제 빵을 사 왔어요. _____ 어디에 있는지 모르겠어요.
      2. I bought some bread yesterday. But I don’t know where it is.
Answer
그런데
 
  1. 여권 ____ 신분증을 제시해 주세요.
      2. Please show your passport or I.D. card.
Answer
또는, 혹은,
 
  1. 오늘 비가 왔어요. ____ 우박까지 내렸어요.
      2. It rained today. On top of that, it hailed.
Answer
게다가
 
  1. 시험 결과가 안 좋았어요. ____ 다시 도전할 거예요.
      2. My test results were bad. But I will try again.
Answer
그렇지만, 하지만, 그래도, 그런데, 그런데도
 
  1. 채소는 건강에 좋습니다. ____ 다이어트에도 효과적입니다.
      2. Vegetables are very healthy for the body. And they are effective for weight loss.
Answer
또한, 그리고
 
  1. ____ 언제 오실 수 있나요?
      2. Then/If so when can you come?
Answer
그러면
 
 
  1. 문제가 많았어요. ____ 잘 해결했어요.
      2. There were many problems, but we resolve it well.
Answer
그렇지만, 하지만, 그래도, 그런데, 그런데도
 
  1. 선크림, 모자, ____ 물병을 준비해 주십시오.
      2. Please prepare sun screen, a hat, and a water bottle.
Answer
및, 그리고, 또한
 
  1. 런던은 날씨가 안 좋습니다. ____ 시드니는 날씨가 좋습니다.
      2. The weather in London is bad. On the other hand, the weather in Sidney is nice.
Answer
반면에
 
 
 
* For more practice exercises, visit the ‘Practice Hub’.
 
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